Ingredient Index

Borax (also known as sodium borate or sodium tetraborate) is a naturally occurring mineral salt of boric acid. It is used in products like cleaning agents, insect repellents, fungicides, food preservatives (banned in some countries), and toys such as slime and modeling clay.

Pros +

• Naturally derived mineral

• Effective as an insect repellent, fungicide, and preservative

• Commonly used in DIY and household products

Cons –

• Classified as Repr. 1B, H360FD: May damage fertility or the unborn child

• Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and through damaged skin

• Documented cases of poisoning and even death in children after exposure

• Can affect endocrine system and reproductive organs, including testicular damage and developmental issues in fetuses

• Not allowed in cosmetics for children under 3 years

• Still found in some toys, despite known health concerns

Scientific studies and risk assessments show serious reproductive and developmental effects from exposure, even at low concentrations. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) recommends moving borax and boric acid to the authorisation list due to their classification as substances of very high concern (SVHC).

Borax is not allowed in AllergyCertified products. The health risks are too severe, especially for children. Even in low doses, borax can disrupt hormones and damage fertility. We recommend avoiding this substance entirely and choosing safer alternatives.

Candelilla wax is a natural wax derived from the leaves of the Euphorbia cerifera plant, commonly found in Mexico and Texas. It is used in many cosmetic products for its ability to add gloss, structure, and a smooth texture. It is also approved as a food additive (E902) and generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Pros +

• Provides structure, gloss, and smoothness in cosmetic formulations
• Natural origin

• Rarely causes allergic reactions

Cons –

• • May contain impurities such as benzyl alcohol, a fragrance that must be declared by name on product labels in the EU due to its potential to cause allergic reactions
  • The level of benzyl alcohol can vary depending on the wax source
  • Lack of comprehensive data on the full composition of the wax

May contain an allergen (benzyl alcohol) as an impurity, depending on the source AllergyCertified only allows its use if no detectable perfume is found in the final product, confirmed by an independent lab

Chromium is a metal naturally found in the Earth’s crust and widely used in industries such as metalworking, cement production, and leather tanning. It is present in products like stainless steel, jewelry, leather goods, and cosmetics (mainly as impurities).

There are two important types:

• Trivalent Chromium (Cr3) – naturally occurring, essential for human health (supports insulin, sugar, and lipid metabolism).

• Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6) – industrially produced, toxic, and associated with health risks.

Pros +

• Cr3 is an essential nutrient found in foods like vegetables, meats, and seafood

• Cr3 does not penetrate the skin and is not linked to allergy

• Cr3 impurities in cosmetics are generally safe

Cons –

• Cr6 is a strong allergen and can cause allergic contact dermatitis even at low concentrations (1–3 ppm)

• Cr6 is classified as a known human carcinogen (causes cancer) through air exposure

• Cr6 can penetrate the skin and cause new allergies or worsen existing ones

• Cr6 is commonly found in tanned leather and cement, creating occupational risks

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and other bodies classify Cr6 compounds as carcinogenic to humans. Cr6 can cause skin allergies and respiratory issues. Regulations in the EU limit Cr6 in leather goods to concentrations below 3 ppm to reduce allergy risk. Cr3, on the other hand, is safe for skin contact and essential for human health.

AllergyCertified does not allow Cr6 in certified products. Even low levels can trigger reactions in sensitized individuals. Cr3 is permitted as an impurity because it does not penetrate the skin and has not been shown to cause allergic reactions when used in products like natural cosmetics and color make-up.

Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a naturally occurring element found in the earth’s crust. It is used in pigments (especially blue and green), and exposure to small amounts happens through air, water, food, cosmetics, toys, and tools.

Pros +

• • Naturally occurring
  • Can be used in a wide range of products, including pigments and cosmetics

  • Trace amounts are generally not harmful for most people

Cons –

• Strong skin sensitizer: can trigger allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) even at low concentrations (from 10 ppm)

• Up to 7.4% of patch-tested dermatitis patients in Europe and North America are allergic to cobalt

• Frequently causes allergic reactions on the hands and face, especially in women (likely due to make-up use)

• Found in multiple occupational settings: hairdressing, construction, cleaning

• Often co-sensitizes with nickel and chromate

• Difficult to identify in products as it may be present as an impurity (e.g., in pigments)

AllergyCertified only allows cobalt up to 1 ppm in final products, based on data showing no reaction at that level.

Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB) is a mild surfactant derived from coconut oil. It is mainly used for its cleaning and foaming properties in rinse-off cosmetic products like shampoos, liquid soaps, and bath products.

Pros +

• Gentler on the skin compared to harsher surfactants like Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

• Reduces skin irritation risk in rinse-off products

• Widely used and well tolerated when properly purified

Cons –

• Allergy risk is associated with impurities (DMAPA and AA), not pure CAPB itself

• Impurities can cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals if not well controlled

• Requires strict purification standards to minimize allergy risks

Multiple studies and reviews (CIR, HERA) show that pure CAPB has a very low sensitizing potential. Allergic reactions seen in the past were linked to impurities like DMAPA and AA, not CAPB itself. Controlling the levels of these impurities effectively reduces the allergy risk. Patch tests and predictive animal studies confirm that highly purified CAPB is safe.

AllergyCertified allows the use of purified CAPB in rinse-off products only. Before certification, manufacturers must provide documentation proving that the CAPB used is highly purified with controlled, low levels of DMAPA and AA. Consumers can trust that CAPB in AllergyCertified products has been carefully assessed for safety.

Ethanol (also known as alcohol or ethyl alcohol) is a chemical compound known for its disinfectant properties and its psychoactive effects in alcoholic beverages. Here, we focus on its role as a disinfectant.

Pros +

• Highly effective antiseptic against bacteria, fungi, and many viruses

• Works by dissolving cell walls and denaturing proteins

• Proven to kill most harmful microorganisms at concentrations between 60–85%

• Commonly used in hand sanitizers, medical wipes, and disinfectant products

Cons –

• High concentrations can cause skin dryness and irritation

• Can lead to cracked skin if used frequently without moisturizing agents

• “Denatured alcohol” may contain added toxins to prevent ingestion (safe for topical use but not for drinking)

Studies show that ethanol-based hand gels (especially 85% concentration) are effective within just 15 seconds against a wide range of bacteria, including hospital-acquired strains. Denatured alcohol is still chemically ethanol but has bitter or toxic additives to deter consumption.

AllergyCertified considers ethanol safe for use in disinfectants when formulated properly. We recommend choosing hand sanitizers with moisturizing ingredients (like glycerin) to counteract the drying effect of ethanol on the skin.

Ethylhexyl salicylate is a UV-filter used to protect against UVB radiation. It is permitted up to 5% in cosmetic products like sunscreens by both the EU and FDA.

Pros +

• Effectively protects the skin from UVB radiation (sunburn)

• Regulated and considered safe at up to 5% concentration

• Low skin absorption and minimal risk of irritation

• Not classified as allergenic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic

Cons –

• Early in-vitro studies indicated weak endocrine-disrupting potential (not confirmed in vivo)

• Listed on a review list (List II) for further evaluation of endocrine-disrupting properties

• Continuous monitoring is necessary to ensure ongoing safety

Scientific reviews (by SCCP, CIR) found Ethylhexyl salicylate to have low toxicity, no skin irritation, no phototoxicity, and very low skin absorption. No significant endocrine effects have been confirmed. It is not on the European Commission’s prioritized list for endocrine disruptors, and not on the SIN-list for high concern chemicals.

Based on current evidence and regulations, AllergyCertified considers Ethylhexyl salicylate safe when used up to 5% in sunscreens and formulated to be non-irritating. We continue to monitor new studies. If future evaluations classify it as an endocrine disruptor, it will no longer be permitted in AllergyCertified products.

Formaldehyde is a chemical that occurs naturally in living systems and is also synthetically produced. It is used in a wide range of products, from paints, adhesives, and coatings to cosmetics like creams, shampoos, soaps, and household cleaning products. In cosmetics, formaldehyde is usually added as a preservative or released from other chemicals called formaldehyde releasers.

Pros +

• Effective preservative against bacteria and fungi

• Naturally present at low levels in the environment

• Broad use across multiple industries

Cons –

• Strong allergen: 2–3% of European dermatitis patients and 8–9% in the U.S. are allergic to formaldehyde

• Allergy is complicated because many chemicals can release formaldehyde

• Potential carcinogen: associated with cancer risk at high exposure levels

• Formaldehyde releasers in cosmetics and industrial products can make avoidance difficult

• Concentration-dependent: even low levels can trigger reactions in sensitive individuals

Studies show that allergic reactions depend on the concentration of exposure. Most formaldehyde-sensitive individuals tolerate levels below 30 ppm under normal conditions. However, formaldehyde allergy is difficult to manage because of hidden sources in cosmetics and industrial products. Formaldehyde is also classified as a human carcinogen at high exposure levels.

Formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers are not allowed as ingredients in AllergyCertified products. We allow a maximum of 10 ppm as an impurity, as this is below the safe threshold and considered tolerable even for people allergic to formaldehyde. Every certified product is tested for formaldehyde content to ensure compliance with our strict safety standards.

Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate (IPBC) is a preservative used to prevent bacterial and fungal growth in products like cosmetics, wet wipes, paints, and coatings. Originally developed for industrial use in the 1970s, it has been approved for cosmetics since 1996. Due to its iodine content, its concentration is strictly regulated in cosmetics.

Pros +

• Effective preservative against bacteria and fungi
• Approved for limited use in cosmetics by both CIR and SCCNFP
• No evidence of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity
• Safe in rinse-off products and in small amounts in certain leave-on products like mascara.

Cons –

• Can cause allergic contact dermatitis, particularly in leave-on products
• Allergy mainly observed in men over 40 with occupational exposure (e.g., wood industry)
• Not allowed in aerosolized products (e.g., sprays) due to lung toxicity risk
• Must be labeled if used above 0.02% in leave-on products due to iodine content

Large studies show that IPBC allergy is relatively rare but does occur, especially in specific high-exposure groups. Safety reviews by CIR and SCCNFP conclude that IPBC is safe at low concentrations (≤0.1%) in cosmetics, provided it is not inhaled or used in lip or oral hygiene products.

AllergyCertified allows the use of IPBC only in mascara where exposure is minimal and concentrations are very low (≤0.01%). In products with higher exposure (e.g., creams, lotions), IPBC is not allowed due to the increased risk of sensitization.

Lanolin is a wax extracted from sheep’s wool, produced by the sebaceous glands to protect the animal’s skin and wool. Refined lanolin has long been used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for its excellent moisturizing, soothing, and protective properties.

Pros +

• Strong moisturizing and skin-protective effect

• Naturally derived ingredient with a long history of safe use

• Safe when properly purified to reduce wool alcohol content

• Found in many creams, ointments, and lotions

Cons –

• Can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, particularly if not highly purified

• Allergic reactions are more common in pharmaceutical use on diseased skin (e.g., leg ulcers) rather than in cosmetics

• Historically associated with allergies due to impurities, especially free wool alcohols

Studies show that allergic reactions to lanolin are mainly related to the presence of free wool alcohols. Refining lanolin to contain less than 3% wool alcohol drastically reduces allergic reactions. Large-scale epidemiological studies estimate the rate of lanolin allergy at about 6 cases per million people (0.006%). Research also shows that healthy individuals without existing skin issues rarely react to purified lanolin.

AllergyCertified allows the use of lanolin in certified products under strict conditions: the lanolin must be highly purified and contain less than 3% wool alcohol. AllergyCertified only certifies lanolin after thorough allergy risk assessments and verification that pesticide residues are practically undetectable.

P-phenylediamine (PPD) is a dye used in hair colorants, henna tattoos, printing, oils, gas products, rubber, and textiles like black clothing and nylon stockings. It is most known for its use in permanent hair dyes and for darkening henna tattoos.

Pros +

• Very effective dye with strong color stability
• Widely used in industrial applications and cosmetic hair dyes
• Enables deeper and longer-lasting hair color

Cons –

• Extremely allergenic: can cause eczema, severe swelling (facial oedema), or even anaphylaxis
• Sensitization can happen quickly – even after a single henna tattoo
• Cross-reactions: once allergic, exposure to related substances (like black rubber) can trigger reactions
• Black henna tattoos with PPD are illegal in the EU but still sometimes found at markets and festivals
• Allergy to PPD is lifelong and can lead to reactions to everyday products like clothing and electronics

Studies show that regular exposure to PPD leads to allergy development in 1.3–7.2% of otherwise healthy consumers within only six months. High concentrations of PPD would cause allergic reactions in virtually everyone. The allergenic potential of PPD is thus considered extremely high.

PPD is not allowed in AllergyCertified products. AllergyCertified strongly advises against getting black henna tattoos or using hair dyes containing PPD. If you have ever had a black henna tattoo, inform healthcare providers (e.g., dentist, doctor) before procedures involving local anesthetics, due to possible cross-reactions.

Tip: always wash new black clothing before wearing to minimize exposure.

Perfume is one of the oldest man-made chemicals. It can be made both synthetic from chemical substances or natural from essential oils such as extracts from flowers and plants and contain from 10 to 300 different fragrances.

Pros +

• Pleasant smell
• Odour cover

Cons –

• Can cause perfume allergy
• All perfumes are allergenic
• To many perfumes to test all
• Some of the most allergenic perfumes are natural
• Children down to 3 years are having a perfume allergy
• one of the main causes of skin allergies (4,5 % of adults between 18-74)

Phenoxyethanol is a preservative used in cosmetics to prevent bacterial, fungal, mold, and yeast growth. It is mostly synthetically produced but also occurs naturally in green tea. It is essential in water-containing cosmetic products to ensure microbiological safety.

Pros +

• Highly effective against a broad range of microorganisms
• Essential to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination in water-based cosmetics
• Safe to use in concentrations up to 1% according to strict regulations
• Scientifically assessed as safe for adults, children, and babies

Cons –

• Misconceptions exist about toxicity based on misuse or extremely high exposure levels (e.g., ingestion of pure phenoxyethanol)
• Negative publicity from non-scientific sources has led to confusion about its safety profile
• Needs careful regulation of concentration in products

Extensive reviews by the SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) and national bodies like the Danish EPA confirm that Phenoxyethanol is safe at a maximum concentration of 1%. Risk assessments show that even in sensitive areas like baby wipes, Phenoxyethanol does not pose a health risk when used appropriately.

AllergyCertified accepts the use of Phenoxyethanol in certified products when used in concentrations up to 1%. We always conduct individual risk assessments based on exposure, product type, and concentration to ensure consumer safety.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a compound naturally found in willow bark and leaves but can also be synthetically produced. Historically, it was used by ancient cultures like the Egyptians and Greeks to relieve pain and reduce fever. Today, it is widely used in skincare due to its keratolytic (exfoliating), fungicidal, bacteriostatic, and photoprotective properties. It’s commonly found in acne treatments, dandruff shampoos, and wart removers.

Pros +

• • Helps exfoliate the skin by loosening dead cells

  • Effective against acne due to its comedolytic properties

  • Enhances the absorption of other topical treatments

  • Mild antiseptic and can support the immune response against wart infections

Cons –

• • Can irritate the eyes if not used correctly (especially in spray forms)
  • May cause skin dryness or irritation in some individuals

  • In the past, there were concerns about its potential hormone-disrupting effects

Initially, the Danish DTU identified salicylic acid as a potential endocrine disruptor based on limited evidence. However, more recent evaluations by the European SCCS (2023), the US EPA, and CIR concluded that salicylic acid does not pose a risk to the endocrine system when used in cosmetics under current regulations. It is important to consider the context- specifically the different routes of administration, dosages, and purpose of the substances.

Based on the available data, we are confident that SA does not pose any risk to the endocrine system. SCCS, CIR, EPA all find it safe to use with the established guidelines. Therefore, we see no reason for concern regarding use of SA in cosmetics.

SLES and SLS are anionic surfactants commonly used in cosmetics and household cleaning products. They act as emulsifiers and cleaning agents in products like shampoos, body washes, laundry detergents, and dishwashing liquids.

Pros +

• Highly effective at removing dirt, grease, and oils

• Widely used in rinse-off cosmetic products

• Considered safe in products designed for short contact followed by thorough rinsing

Cons –

• Can cause skin irritation by removing natural skin oils, especially if left on the skin for prolonged periods

• Eye irritant at high concentrations (>1–2%) but not associated with blindness

• Rumors linking SLS/SLES to cancer and serious eye damage have been scientifically debunked

• Rare cases of irritation typically occur due to impurities, not SLS/SLES themselves

Multiple scientific reviews, including by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), have concluded that SLS and SLES are safe in rinse-off products. They are not classified as carcinogens by agencies like ECHA, IARC, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. While irritation can occur at high concentrations, well-formulated products (e.g., shampoos with added moisturizing agents) mitigate this risk.

AllergyCertified allows the use of SLES and SLS in rinse-off products where exposure is low and where the formulations include moisturizing agents to prevent skin irritation. They are not allowed in leave-on products unless extremely low concentrations are used.